Strategies to Mitigate Pollution & Risks-Free-Samples for Students

Quesions: Disucss about the Strategies to Mitigate Pollution and Risks on Climate by Population Increase on Cities in Developing Counties. Answers: Introduction This case study report is based on a scenario affecting major cities in developing countries in terms of pollution that has affected the surrounding environment. In that connection, the mode of living in these cities become unbearable and thus affecting many incomes generating programs in these developing countries[1](Lash, Scott John Urry 2014, 107). In that connection, for clarity and precision, this particular case study report aims at critically analyzing pollution that has led to climatic changes in developing countries in African continent. We further narrow down to two countries. That is, South Africa and Nigeria. Having selected the two developing counties, this case study report will apply the concepts of sustainability event development so as to offer recommendation on this particular issue. Later on, the case study report will be implemented to solve this particular scenario and as well in solving such similar scenarios in other developing countries all over the globe. It is important to note that both counties have the same growth rate in terms of population, gross domestic product, per capita income and infrastructure. From year 2015, the population has been increasing in cities such as Cape Town in South Africa and Lagos in Nigeria. A lot of people having been migrating from rural areas to cities so as to search for greener pastures in the cities. This implies that, the level of unemployment in developing counties make many citizens to migrate to urban centers for search of employment [2](Jeffrey 2016, 37). This in return results to over population in the cities due to inadequate housing in the cities. The other problem associated to overpopulation is pollution since the governments of these developing countries are unable to stress extra resources within the budget to resolve the issue of housing. They are also not able to mitigate the issue of pollution brought by over population. In the long run, the release of wastes into the environment aff ects the population, the living conditions, climate and other many important aspects surrounding and associated to the cities. From the background narrated in the above scenario, the basis of our case study is formed clearly. Thus, we aim to analyze that case and offer the best recommendations so as to mitigate the problem. This will be of great importance to the residents of these cities, the governments, the citizens and other countries facing these problems [3](Blewitt 2008, 116). The case study report will be very significant to international organizations dealing with environment and climate. This is because it will form a basis for implementation of strategies and offer space for further future research in similar case and any other related scenario. The main reason for the choice of this case scenario is to attempt to formulate strategies to solve the problem of pollution that result to climatic changes in developing counties. This is important so as to assist the community in achieving long term goals in future development [4](Cottrel 2008, 67). This case will as well make the world productive. This also assist in reducing the impacts of devastating effects on climatic changes that can shift on part of the world to another. Thus, this is a sustainable event development that has a major take on the entire globe. This is a global issue rather than a one man show. Literature review There have been other case studies that have been conducted to solve many issues on sustainable event development. The previous case studies are very important as far as this particular case study is concerned. According to a case study formulated on the impact of climatic changes in Caribbean, the researchers were able to come up with mitigation strategies on climatic changes and pollution in Caribbean territory [5](Dul Halk 2008, 49). Such mitigations include the green effect strategy that was applied to reduce negative impact of toxic gases released by factories and manufacturing industries. Thus, in this case study, such as strategies can be incorporated so as to come up with admirable recommendations. However, just like a research project, the previous case studies miss so gaps that need to be filled. A literature gap on the major causes of these underlying pollution and associated climate changes were not developed in the previous case study. Thus, the aim of this case study will in a position to fill the asserted literature gaps. Discussion on pollution and climatic changes in Cape Town and Lagos Cape Town in South African and Lagos in Nigeria form major cities in developing countries that are facing pollution and climatic changes. Due to lack of adequate measures to dispose wastes in these cities are the main causes in that problem [6](Mulvaney Joliffe 2005, 101). Together with population that tend to increase heavily in these areas. According to annual demographic census of 2016. The population in Cape Town is approximated to be 13 million. On the other hand, according to annual demographic Census of 2017, the population of Lagos in Nigeria is approximated to be 11 million. This is far above the previous census on the population of these cities. In Cape Town, the population from the previous census was 7million and 5.5 million in Lagos Nigeria [7](Sachs 2015, 79). The irony of this population growth rate is vested on growth rate in infrastructure. There has been insignificant development in infrastructure to absorb the population increase in these cities. In that connectio n, the level of waste released in the environment has been increasing in these cities [8](Richard 2013, 129). The governments of South Africa and Nigeria have not been able so set mechanism to dispose these wastes as population increase. Types of pollutions and risks to the climate There have been different forms of pollution that affect these cities in terms of living conditions and development. These types of pollutions form a sample of pollutions that affect many of cities in developing counties. These forms of pollution include water pollution, air pollution, land pollution and deforestation. Water pollution In Lagos Nigeria, there are many industries that have been formed so as to perform different activities. Nigeria is a major producer of oil in Africa. Therefore, a lot of oil refinery industries are located in Lagos so as to facilitate the process of oil refining [9](Ryan Deci 2017, 41). To start with, these industries are very demanding in terms of water for cooling the systems. The plants refining oil are exothermic which need to be cooled. Thus, a lot of water is used in the process. Again, the crude oil released as a residue. Due to lack of appropriate mode of disposal, these industries release these residues to rivers and sources of water surrounding the city. This case study is analyzing Lagos having in mind that there are more cities with oil refinery industries that tend to do the same to lack of appropriate mechanisms for residue and waste disposal. On the other hand, in Cape Town South Africa, the city is highly occupied by industries dealing with refinery of gold. South Africa is highly known for extraction of gold. In that case, a lot of industries have been set to cool the systems since they are exothermic [10](Spirou 2010, 45). Just like in Nigeria, the process of waste disposal is inadequate. This implies that, the industries release the wastes to nearby lakes, rivers and other sources of water. This highly affect the supply of water in the cities. This result to low water supply to important sectors such as schools, hospitals and other social amenities in the cities. Thus, a lot of cities in developing countries are recorded to have challenges in water supply. Approximately 70% of cities in developing countries have not been able to offer adequate supply of water to the citizens. Air pollution This is another form of pollution that have highly affected Lagos and Cape Town along with many other cities in developing countries. This is cause by inappropriate mechanisms to dispose gases that have been emitted from the industries [11](Thomas 2009, 233). According to annual environmental report released in year 2016, the report indicated that approximately 90% of these gases that have been emitted into the environment are toxic in nature. They are very dangerous to human health and the environment. Release of toxic sulphur IV oxide to the environment affect the climate in these cities. When the gases dissolves into the environment, the result is acidic rain that have devastating effects into the environment and the population in general. The effects of acid rain have caused corrosion to roofing and motor vehicles. Therefore, the effects of air pollution cannot be ignored in South Africa and Nigeria. Again, the general environment in these cities are not admirable to the visitors and tourists[12] (Trainor Graue 2014, 234). Again, air pollution is affected from burning of non-biodegradable materials. A lot of companies in the cities are packing their final products in non-biodegradable material. These materials are difficult to dispose since they do not decompose. The measure used by city councils of these cities is to burn them. In the process, they release a lot toxic carbon monoxide gas. This gas inhibits the supply of oxygen in the environment. This make the environment to be irritating due to unpleasant and choking smell. This smell is disturbing to the residents and many urban tourists. Land pollution Land is a very important resource of any country. This implies that, a lot of care need to be employed so as to safeguard the land. Every human being has a duty of care to the land. The release of waste materials to environment surrounding the cities have been documented in the report on pollution. In that connection, the have been land degradation. The residues of crude oil to the land have affected the surrounding land [13](Ernest 2017, 133). The land is also polluted from the resulting of mining processes. The release of lead metal and calcium metals from mining cites in the cities make the land to lose its texture. It is also estimated that 2.1 million people in Lagos will be suffering from cancer ailments due to release of radioactive radiations from oil refinery cites and lead extraction cites. On the other hand, the land in Cape Town South Africa have become unproductive due to release of uranium that is used in extraction of gold. It is also estimated that 3.4 million people are in a threshold of people anticipated to suffer from radiations from uranium. Uranium is a radioactive metal that decompose during extraction of gold. This make the land to lose its productivity [14](Ernest 2017, 133). This kind of pollution is caused by increase in population. The demand for gold in Cape Town South Africa is increasing day in day out. In return, the activities in extraction of gold are increased so as to meet the demand. In the process, the land is affected. To the climate, the radiations spread damaging the ozone layer which again increase the threat of cancerous rays from the sun. Deforestation This is the last pollution and risk to the climate to be considered in this case study. Due to increase in population, cities in developing countries that are represented by Lagos Nigeria and Cape Town South Africa in this case study need to be expand their territories so as to accommodate the increased population[15](William 2017, 67). In return, there is cut down of trees in the areas surrounding the cities. This is referred as deforestation. In that case, this process affects the climate in the cities. This reduces water supply due to low rains in the areas. Observations From the above problems on pollution, there a lot of observations that can be drawn from the case study. These observations relate to the effects of pollutions to the cities. There is low water supply from water pollution. Low water supply makes the residents in the area to strain in performing the normal daily activities [16](William 2017, 67). It also affects social amenities such as schools and hospitals in the cities. This also affect the companies, factories and industries in the area which lowers the per capita and gross domestic product. Land pollution and air pollution limit the activities of tourism in the area which lowers foreign exchange and growth of cultural activities. Air pollution affect the climate by causing acid rains that are corrosive to roofs and motor vehicles along with roads. Recommendations There are a lot of measures that can be used to mitigate that problem of pollution and risks on climate due to population increase in Cape Town and Lagos as part of cities in developing countries. The government in developing countries need to limit the migration of people to urban centers until all the resources set in the cities top support the population are revisited. This measure will reduce pollution due to overpopulation [17](Jean-Louis 2017, 67). The best mechanism to limit the migration of people to cities that can be applied by the governments is to offer incentives to rural residents. In that case, there would be no need to migrate since the population in the rural area is empowered. There is need to incorporate measures and mechanism to dispose non-biodegradable materials that cause land and air pollution. This can be done by application of biodegradable material in production process. The international environmental organization need also to chip in to put measure that would govern formation of industries that release toxic gases [18](Ron 2017, 99). There should proper legal framework to govern formation of those industries. Proper licensing need to be done so that industries indicate the methods they aim to use to mitigate the effects of these gases to the environment. There should be measures to family planning to reproduce a population that can be supported by the resources in the cities. Also, then government can increase the resources to support the population. There is need to refer from previous case studies on effects of population increase on pollution and risks on climate. These case studies are analyzed to offer solutions on pollution to major cities. Lagos city need to set oil refinery industries to safe area such as coastal regions with plenty of water for cooling of the systems and disposal of residues. Cape Town city need set gold processing industries in appropriate areas such as costal region so as to keep the city safe from pollution and adverse climatic condition. Conclusion In conclusion, the case study forms a base line to implementation of the above recommendations so as to mitigate the problems asserted. Human population need to be controlled using appropriate measures so as to reduce the pollution that have caused a lot of climatic changes and adverse effects to the community [19](Vallero 2007, 45). By putting the above factors into consideration, the cities in developing countries will be able to achieve the long-term goals and objectives on development of infrastructure and job creation to the people. Proper and adequate housing need to be addressed in the cities [20](Hill 2010, 78). There should be more measures and mechanisms to dispose pollutants so as to develop and protect our cities. Development of questions To what extent have land, air and pollution affected the climate of cities in developing counties? What measures need to be employed by international organizations to control human population so as to limit the effects of pollution? Do cities in developed counties face such a problem? What measure do these countries applied to mitigate the population-pollution issue? According to your own opinion, have the government failed in controlling the level of pollution in the cities? Bibliography Books Cottrel. The study skills handbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Daniel, Vallero. Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Fourth Edition. Academic Press, 2007. Dul Halk. Case Study Methodology in Business Research. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. Jeffrey, Sachs. The Age of Sustainability Development. Tantor Audio, 2016. Jeffrey, Sachs. The Age of Sustainable Development. Columbia University Press, 2015. John, Blewitt. Understanding Sustainable Development. Routledge, 2008. Lash, Scott, and John Urry.Economies of Signs Space. London: Sage Publications, 2014. Marquita, Hill. Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Moore, Ernest. Trauma, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education/Medical, 2017. Mulvaney Joliffe. Academic writing: genres, samples, and resources. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005. Owens, William. The Advanced Ventilator Book. First Draught Press, 2017. Richard. Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing, 2013. Ryan Deci. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford Press, 2017. Spirou. Urban Tourism and Urban Changes: Cities in the Global Economy. Routledge, 2010. Thomas. Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers, 2009. Trainor Graue. Evaluating rigor in qualitative methodology and research dissemination.Remedial and Special Education. London press, 2014. Vincent, Jean-Louis. Textbook of Critical Care, 7e. Elsevier, 2017. Walls, Ron. Rosens Emergency Medicine. Concepts and Clinical Practice. 2-volume set. Elsevier, 2017. Journal MacDonald, Susan Peck. The Erasure of Language.College Composition and Communication58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625. Website Thrall, Grant Ian.Land Use and Urban Form. New York: Methuen, 2009. https://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Thrallbook/Land%20Use%20and%20Urban%20Form.pdf. Lash, Scott, and John Urry.Economies of Signs Space. London: Sage Publications, 2014. Jeffrey, Sachs. The Age of Sustainability Development. Tantor Audio, 2016. John, Blewitt. Understanding Sustainable Development. Routledge, 2008. Cottrel. The study skills handbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Dul Halk. Case Study Methodology in Business Research. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. Mulvaney Joliffe. Academic writing: genres, samples, and resources. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005. Jeffrey, Sachs. The Age of Sustainable Development. Columbia University Press, 2015. Richard. Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing, 2013. Ryan Deci. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford Press, 2017. Spirou. Urban Tourism and Urban Changes: Cities in the Global Economy. Routledge, 2010. Thomas. Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers, 2009. Trainor Graue. Evaluating rigor in qualitative methodology and research dissemination.Remedial and Special Education. London press, 2014. Moore, Ernest. Trauma, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education/Medical, 2017 Moore, Ernest. Trauma, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education/Medical, 2017. Owens, William. The Advanced Ventilator Book. First Draught Press, 2017. Owens, William. The Advanced Ventilator Book. First Draught Press, 2017. Vincent, Jean-Louis. Textbook of Critical Care, 7e. Elsevier, 2017. Walls, Ron. Rosens Emergency Medicine. Concepts and Clinical Practice. 2-volume set. Elsevier, 2017. Daniel, Vallero. Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Fourth Edition. Academic Press, 2007. Marquita, Hill. Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Atticus FInch Character Analysis Essay Example

Atticus FInch Character Analysis Essay Example Atticus FInch Character Analysis Paper Atticus FInch Character Analysis Paper Only Man Of His Kind The main characters in Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird are Scout and Jem but their father Atticus finch is the character the reader should care about the most. Atticus is a great father in many ways, he is loyal, he teaches his children by example and he always does what is right. Because of his age, he has lived through many experiences that have taught him great life lessons that he teaches to his children to help them make the right decisions. The definition of loyalty is: a feeling or attitude of devoted attachment and affection. Jem and Scout are very loyal to their father, they efend him when necessary and they obey every command he gives them. Even after their mother died of a heart attack, Atticus did not give up on his responsibilities in life. He kept up with his Job as a lawyer, he kept up with his bills, groceries, etc, he kept up with everything that was necessary as a single parent. One day Jem and Scout were home alone and wanted to build a snowman but there wasnt enough snow so they dug up some of the yard and molded one out of mud. When Atticus returned home, Jem thought he would be furious but instead, he was impressed with Jems creativity: l didnt know how you were going to do it, but from now on Ill never worry about whatll become of you, son, youll always have an idea (67). Atticus also teaches Jem and Scout to not let what others affect them- mfou Just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anyone says to you, dont let em get your goat. Try fighting with your head for a change its a good one, even if it does resist learning (76). He is teaches his children that theres always someone that will be Judging you and that you have to keep your head held high and to not stoop down to their level. Walk away and be the bigger person. No matter what obstacles appeared in his life, he always found ways to overcome them and do what was best for his children. Life lessons are probably the most important things that Atticus teaches his children. He teaches them that they are always good enough no matter what anyone tells them. When Atticus sister otherwise known as Aunt Alexandra comes into town, she tries to change scout into less of a tomboy and more of a lady: He said there were already enough sunbeams in the family and to go about my business, he didnt mind me much the way I was(86). Atticus says that Scout is Just ine the way she is and he doesnt want what Aunt Alexandra says to affect the way Scout feels about herself. He also teaches them to always keep your head up and to not let what others say affect you. Mrs. Dubose is a mean woman that doesnt agree with some of Atticus choices and she is always rude and Judgemental to Atticus, Jem and Scout but everyday Atticus decides to be the bigger person: When the three of us came to the house, Atticus would sweep off his hat, wave gallantly to her and say, Good evening, Mrs. Dubose! You look like a picture this evening. I never heard Atticus say like a picture of what. He would tell her the courthouse news, and would say he hoped with all his heart shed have a good day tomorrow. He would return his hat to his head, swing me to his shoulders in her very presence, and we would go home in the twilight. It was times like these when I thought my father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived(95). This and it will always make you look better. The most valuable characteristic that applies to Atticus Finch is that he always does what is right. Atticus believes that you must take a step in someone elses shoes before you Judge them- mfou never really nderstand a person until you consider things from his point of view; until you climb into his skin and walk around in it (30). Everyone has their own personal issues in their life, and no one has the right to Judge them based on whats on the outside. Atticus believes that is the right thing to do in every situation. Another thing that Atticus believes is the right thing to do is to never hit his children: Atticus aint ever whipped me since I can remember and I wanta keep it that way (90). Around the time period that To Kill a Mockingbird was written, it was very common for parents to hit their children when they misbehaved. Atticus believed that that was an unfair, useless punishment and used different discipline methods instead. The main reason that Atticus Finch is considered a person that always does what is right no matter what is the fact that he stood up for Tom Robinson, a black man that was accused of raping a white female: And Tom Robinson now sits before you having taken the oath with the only good hand he possesses his RIGHT. I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness for the State. She is the victim of cruel poverty and ignorance. But my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a mans life at stake, hich she has done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt(204). No matter what the situation is, Atticus always does what is right and stands up for others and puts other peoples needs in front of his own. Because Atticus is such an amazing person in Maycomb, he is well known and is respected by many. Although, there are some people that have no respect such as Mayella Ewells husband Bob Ewell: Jem see if you can stand in Bob Ewells shoes a minute. I destroyed his last shred of credibility at that trial, if he had any to begin with. The man had to have some kind of comeback, his kind always does. So if spitting in my face and threatening me saved Mayella Ewell one extra beating, thats something Ill gladly take. He had to take it out on somebody and Id rather it be me than that household full of children out there(231). Bob is upset with Atticus because he stood up for Tom Robinson, the man that supposedly raped his wife. Throughout the whole book, Atticus always respects people that respect him and he always puts their needs ahead of his as well as not following the people of Maycomb by respecting negros and treating them all equally, making Atticus Finch an overall amazing character in To Kill a Mockingbird.

ATOM PRIOR TO 1900 essays

ATOM PRIOR TO 1900 essays In the 5th cent. B.C. the Greek philosophers Democritus and Leucippus proposed that matter was made up of tiny, indivisible particles they called atom, or in Greek "a-tomos". The reason why they assumed this is because nothing can come from nothing. Democritus believed that all atoms were firm and solid, but they could not all be the same. If all atoms were identical, there would be no satisfactory explanation of how they could combine to form everything in different shapes. Democritus concluded atom with these ideal qualities: invisible because of their extremely small size indivisible as their name indicates eternal because they are perfect surrounded by an empty space (to explain their movement and changes in density) having an infinite number of shapes (to explain the diversity observed in nature) Around 1803, John Dalton (1766-1844) developed the first useful atomic theory of matter. In the course of his studies on meteorology, Dalton concluded that evaporated water exists in air as an independent gas. Solid bodies can't occupy the same space at the same time, but obviously water and air could. Dalton reasoned that if the water and air were composed of discrete particles, evaporation might be viewed as a mixing of water particles with air particles. He performed a series of experiments on mixtures of gases to determine what effect properties of the individual gases had on the properties of the mixture as a whole. While trying to explain the results of those experiments, Dalton developed the hypothesis that the sizes of the particles making up different gases must be different. In 1808 Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy was published. In this book he listed the atomic weights of a number of known elements relative to the weight of hydrogen. His weights were not ent irely accurate but they form the ba ...

Family Friendly Policy and Optimum Shifts for Nurses Essay

Family Friendly Policy and Optimum Shifts for Nurses - Essay Example It has been suggested that the UK economy is dependant on workers who work long hours, and if the EU chooses to remove the "opt-out" clause the UK will bode poorly (Cooper, 2003; Parker, 2006). At present, the UK Government wishes to be informed of the multitude of views of stakeholders affected by the consequences of long working shifts. Input is expected to be used to collaboratively construct better legislation and policies that focus on the health and well being of shift workers. Inclusive deliberation over policy aligns UK best practices with those of the European Union (EU), which is currently renewing the 1993 Working Time Directive (93/104/EC) (Department of Trade and Industry [DTI], 2004). This paper aims to review shift working patterns and family friendly policies for nurses in the UK. Firstly, family friendly policies with regard to labour in the UK will be presented. Secondly, shift pattern differences between 8 and 12 hours shall be discussed with regard to family life. Thirdly, the effects of shift patterns on older nurses and their perceptions of shift work affects on family life will be delineated. Next, recommendations for best practices within the UK shall be provided. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesise the main points of the paper. It has been stated by the UK Government that it will implement changes to the European Working Time Directive (what is known as the Horizon... It is reported that a large number of workers in the UK work in excess of a 48 hours (Royal College of Physicians, 2006).Family friendly policies focus on the psycho-social aspects of work, and highlight the importance of values and interaction between children and caregivers, not only to these parties, but also to the wider community, and subsequently social environments that overlap with work (Nickson, Warhurst, Lockyer & Dutton, 2004). Children gain from family friendly policies by way of; socialisation; well being; education; reduced risk of anti-social behaviour; and alternative models for the female role (i.e., as equal participants). Caregivers have the opportunity for increased identity integration and satisfaction with life in general by participating in family-oriented activities. An organisation such as a hospital or other health care delivery environment will benefit from enhanced work performance, better communication and interpersonal skills of staff, and increased high quality care for patients, resulting in both patient and employee (Equal Opportunities Commission [EOC], 2006). From a social point of view, enhanced family functioning, intergenerational and inter gender relationships, combined with a positive view toward childbearing, can boost and maintain a sustainable economy.A good example of inclusive family policies is reflected in the recognition of fatherhood as a valuable psycho-social experience. Since the 1960s radical changes within family structure have taken place (e.g., nuclear families may now be extended to include relatives, step-, bi-racial; adopted; same-sex or single-parent). As such, prioritise have changed, and the contemporary dad wants to spend

Writting assingment on john wycliffe (argument ) Essay

Writting assingment on john wycliffe (argument ) - Essay Example The childhood life and the environment in which John Wycliffe grew shaped his future life. According to Roberts, the birth date of Wycliffe is estimated to be around 1330 and he grew up in Yorkshire, England (1). During this period, the clergy people had great influence in the community and flourished an expensive life compared to the other citizens. It is these scenarios that influenced Wycliffe to become an anticlerical supporter in the world of religion. Roberts further states that Wycliffe was interested in studying English and was also interested in the matters of spirituality (1). These passions exhibited by Wycliffe at his tender age were reflected in his life at latter years. For instance, Wycliffe was motivated to study theology at Rector of Fillingham College and also contributed to the bible translation into other vernacular languages (Roberts). These kinds of activities require people with passion to learn and exercise their writing skills. It is after his studies and interaction with the clergy people that Wycliffe clearly understood and influenced his civilization concerning the Holy Scriptures and the conduct of the church leaders. Because of his spirituality and involvement in various church activities, Wycliffe was supported by the church for his further studies in Oxford University. Wholesome Words Organization cites that John Wycliffe once served at the parish of Ludgershall (1). This indicates that Wycliffe real life experience of the functioning of church in England. Moreover, Farley explains how Wycliffe was directly involved in the spread of the gospel. However, it is after joining the Oxford University as a scholar that Wycliff started attacking the Catholic clergy for practicing the ‘wrong’ approach in Christianity. It is also at this time that he became closer to the son of King Edward III and therefore received

Ebay, A Company Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ebay, A Company Analysis Essay In August 2 ,1990, after Saddam Hussein’s military forces invaded and occupied Kuwait , there was large Iraqi military build up close the Saudi Arabia’s border. President Sr Bush perceived that Iraqi’s aggression and military build up was a serious threat not only to the security and independence of Saudi Arabia but also vital to US national interest in the Persian Gulf region. The main intention of Saddam Hussein was to control half of the world’s supply of Petroleum from Gulf region . Sr Bush initiated â€Å" Operation Desert Shield â€Å" and dispatched US military to Saudi Arabia to defend that country against a possible Iraqi attack. President Bush took bold decision and dispatched US troops to Saudi Arabia even without obtaining prior approval from US Congress. Later when reporting to Congress and Nation, Bush informed that he has acted in deference to Saudi Arabia’s specific request for American assistance in bolstering Saudi defenses and deterring possible Iraqi attack. To free the Kuwait from Iraqi occupation , President Bush ( Sr) rallied the support of United Nations by getting the U.N Security Council approval on November ,29,1990 to pass U.N. Resolution No 678 which authorized U.N members to use â€Å" all necessary means† to coerce Iraqi invaders from Kuwait , and to take military action if Iraq failed to withdraw from Kuwait by January 15,1991. OPERATION DESERT STORM: On January ,12,1991 , President Bush succeeded in getting Congress approval for the President use of â€Å" all necessary means â€Å" to carry out the UN Resolution 678. Now the President Bush had all the authority and support to persuade Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. On January16, after the Iraqi Government failed to withdraw its military forces from Kuwait by the deadline ,President ordered â€Å" Operation Desert Storm â€Å" and Iraqi forces were defeated and Kuwait was liberated. After Iraqi Government agreed to observe and comply with all U.N.Resolution , a ceasefire was ordered .Operation Desert Storm helped to destroy greater part of Iraq’s military machinery and Iraq’s claim to Kuwait. During June 1993, President Clinton ordered U.S. air strikes at Iraqi intelligence service headquarters at Iraq which had instigated and fostered a conspiracy to assassinate former U.S.President George Bush during his to Kuwait during April 14-16,1993. After the Persian Gulf War in 1991, the USA continued to engage economic as well as military conflict with Iraq. The main aim of the USA was to put an end to Saddam Hussein’s military regime in Iraq and to prevent Iraq becoming threat to international peace and U.S National interest in Middle East and to deny Saddam Hussein the opportunity to utilize Iraqi military to extinguish his political opponents among the Kurdish inhabitants of northern Iraq and among the Shi’ite Muslim marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq. The other main aim of US is to compel the Iraqi Government to honor its International obligations, including those relating to (1) The ban on the further development, productions and stockpiling of nuclear, biological, chemical and other weapons of mass destructions. (2) To call for the destruction of existing stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. (3)Recognition of and respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of Kuwait, (4) Compliance with the terms of the ceasefire agreement ending the Persian Gulf War. The main objective of the continuing military presence and activity of the USA and its allies in the Middle East –the Southwest Asia / Northeast Africa / Persian Gulf region is to prevent the Iraq regime and military forces from jeopardizing international peace and US National interest in the region. The other main aim was to prevent Iraq from threatening the security and independence of neighboring countries such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and from endangering US access and that of the other industrialized nations to the oil of the Middle East, the region which has over 70% of the Globe’s known petroleum reserves. During early October , 1994, US decided to drawdown its troops in the middle east in a phased manner , Saddam Hussein ordered the movement of his troops towards southward and headed in the direction of Kuwait. As a result, there was a significant Iraqi military build up along the Kuwait border. Saddam Hussein action clearly demonstrated his capacity to threaten neighboring countries and imperil the industrialized West’s access to Middle Eastern petroleum. Saddam Hussein action also revealed about lack of trustworthiness and his determination to violate the terms of the ceasefire agreement ending the Persian Gulf War. Again, UN Security Council had passed a resolution on October, 15, 1994 condemning the Iraq Government for the deployment of troops along the Kuwait Border. Bill Clinton, who was then the President of USA, deployed US Reinforcements on the Kuwait border to Iraq to counter the Hussein’s troops. Because of the strong and determined US response, Saddam Hussein backed down and withdrew all the troops from Kuwait border. Because of the defused environment, US also ordered the withdrawal of its troops from Kuwait. OPERATION DESERT STRIKE. In early 1996, Saddam Hussein began to initiate military actions which demonstrated that his predisposition toward making mischief in the Middle East had not really abated. The Iraqi despot dispatched his military forces into the Kurdish region of Iraq, seeking to regain political control over Iraqi territory .Saddam Hussein military invaded the region of north of the 36th parallel ,captured Irbil and pursued and attacked Kurdish refugees . Bill Clinton responded to Iraqi aggression by initiating Operation Desert Strike. However Operation Desert Strike was not as vigorous as it might have been because US response was to take action affecting Iraqi military positions and matters far from the battlefield in Northern Iraq. In short , US abandoned the Kurds and failed to live up to the obligation to protect and defend against Iraqi aggression over the region north of the 36th parallel , where thousands of members of groups opposed to Hussein’s rein were operating and functioning under the guidance of the US Central Intelligence Agency. The reason for the not taking stringent action during Iraq’s aggression against Kurds in 1996 by Clinton was mainly due to forth coming Federal elections which due during November, 1996. US ELECTION -1996 President Clinton however managed to keep the Iraq issue out of the 1996 elections to enhance his reelection chances. However, Saddam took it as US weakness and started to continue his endeavor to circumvent, erode the strength of USA. Saddam soon began a series of challenges to the system of UN Sanctions and inspection imposed on his regime to prevent if from developing, producing and stock piling weapons of mass destruction .Saddam’s continuous resistance to the UN WMD Program and its implementation came to a peak in January, 1998 when he expelled the US members of UNSCOM, the UN Weapons Inspection team. OPERATION DESERT FOX: From 1997 onwards, Saddam tried to obstruct the UN weapons inspection program in Iraq. He frequently protracted military confrontation with the USA and its allies. At one stage, he expelled the most of the US members of the weapons inspection team and because of this action, UN Security Council threatened to reinstate economic sanction against Iraq and Saddam never took serious of the warning issued by UN Security Council. In protest, the United Nations recalled the other inspection team members. The non cooperation from Saddam resulted in American –British military build –up in the Persian Gulf. This had effect of attitude of Saddam and it induced him to back down short while and he readmitted the weapons inspectors, including those from the USA. In November, 1997, Iraqi regime gave notice that it would not permit the U.N inspectors to enter and inspect sites at designated â€Å"palaces and designated residences â€Å" ECONOMIC SANCTION: In January, 1998, Saddam Hussein again expelled the U.S. members of the U.N weapons inspection team. The UN again protested by withdrawing the other inspectors and due to this a standoff continued and tensions were heightened. The UN Security Council imposed economic sanctions on Iraq. Again, a US military build up in the Persian Gulf commenced. In February, 1998, U.N Secretary General –General Kofi Annan negotiated an agreement whereby the Iraqi regime allowed readmission of U.N inspectors and resumption of the weapons inspection program. In return for this concession, the Iraqi government was given assurance that the Security Council would consider lifting the economic sanctions. The UN Weapons inspectors team did not receive full support from Iraqi regime during this period as Iraq claimed that the Security Council had shown no signs of taking steps for the removal of sanctions imposed .On October ,1998 Saddam again terminated the work of the UN Inspection team at Iraq. This has resulted again in building up of military presence by American –British in the Persian Gulf. On November 5, 1998, United Nations recalled UN Inspection team assigned to Iraq. Again Saddam yielded and allowed the UN inspection team in Iraq. But this was short lived .Again on December .1998, the UN team once again left Iraq.UN report dated 15th December .1998 charged the Iraqi Government for non cooperation and denial of access to records and inspection sites and through clandestine movement of equipment and records from site to site. OPERATION DESERT FOX : Based on the UN report. President Clinton decided to take military action against Iraq. The operation was named as Operation Desert Fox, a massive campaign of air strikes against key military and security targets in Iraq .Several targets were attacked in this operation including head quarters of Saddam Baath Party, barracks of the sad dam’s elite security guards, republic guard barracks and his daughter’s palace at Tikirt. The main goals of the Operation Desert Fox were (1) to degrade Saddam ability to make and use of weapons of mass destruction .(2) to diminish Saddam ability to wage war against his neighbors and (3) to demonstrate the consequences of flouting International obligations. President Clinton terminated Operation Desert Fox after three days as it had inflicted significant damage on Saddam WMD programs and his military and security infrastructure. and Iraq’s missile programme had been set back by at least 12 months and its military might had been substantially damaged. President Clinton ordered at the end of December ,1998 to draw down the U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf .But it is to be noted Operation Desert Box though successful but could not compel the Iraqi regime to accept and cooperate with the U.N.Weapons inspection program. GAME OF CHICKEN: This encouraged Saddam Hussein to play the dangerous â€Å" game of Chicken â€Å" with USA and its allies. Saddam Hussein continued to play hide and seek game with U.S.A , its Allies and with UN by defying the west and jeopardize its interests in the Middle East. He yielded temporarily when threatened with or subjected to western military attack. He reneged on the International commitments which he made in order to avoid or end a western military assault against his political regime and military / security forces. After the end of the operation Desert Fox , the U.S.A and its allies have engaged in a low level war with Iraq. The main aim of US to give protection to the Kurdish and Shi’ite minorities in Iraq from suppression and genocide from Saddam. The other aim is to replace Saddam region by another leader or group of leaders favorably disposed to US. In waging war with the Iraq , President Clinton has been acting in compliance with the reporting requirements of section 4 of the War powers Act of U.S.A. The President has been periodically reporting to Congress on the Status of U.S hostilities with the Iraqi regime and on other matters relating to the hostilities. Bill Clinton pursued a policy of belligerence towards Iraq , imposing crippling economic sanctions , undertaking the most sustained bombing campaign after Vietnam war and making â€Å" regime change† in Iraq as official US Policy. US POLICIES UNDER BUSH REGIME: A secret blue print for US global domination reveals that President Bush and his cabinet were planning a premeditated attach on Iraq to secure â€Å" regime change â€Å" even before he took power in January 2001. A plan called â€Å"Global Pax Americana â€Å"was drawn mainly to take control of the Persian Gulf region sans Saddam Hussein region while civil government was reestablished. It is to be noted that war was initiated on the main ground that Iraq was non cooperative in allowing inspection of weapons of mass destruction. However, in the aftermath of war, it became apparent that Saddam had no such weapons programme. Many Americans including prominent members of the Congress, claim Bush and his administration lied or misled the country based on doctored intelligence reports. The Bush Administration also linked the invasion of Iraq to the war on Terrorism, claiming that Hussein was giving safe heaven to and supporting terrorist groups. There were also accusation that Saddam was indirectly supported the September 11, 2001 attacks on America. It is to be noted that although the Bush administration strongly suggested ties at some level between Hussein and Al-Qaeda, it did not accuse Saddam of complicity in the specific events of 9/11 events. POST INVASION OF IRAQ: Military occupation was established and run by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) Which later appointed and granted limited powers to an Iraq interim Governing Council. Coalition and allied Iraqi forces have been fighting a stronger –than –expected militant Iraqi insurgency and hence ,the reconstruction of Iraq has been slow . In mid -2004, the end of the occupation was brought about and a new sovereign and independent Interim Government of Iraq assumed the full responsibility and authority of the State. The CPA and the Governing Council were disbanded on June 28, 2004 and a new transitional constitution came into effect. Sovereignty was transferred to a Governing Council Iraqi interim Government led by Iyad Allawi as Iraq’s first post-Saddam Prime Minister. But this Government can make laws only with the approval of CPA. The Iraqi interim Government was replaced as a result of elections which took place in January, 2005. A period of negotiations by the elected Iraqi National Assembly was followed which culminated on April 6,2005 with the selection of the leaders who currently head Iraq among them Prime Minister Ibrahim al –Jaafari and President Jalal Talabani. The multinational forces still exercise considerable power in the Country and with the New Iraqi Army, conduct military operations against the Iraqi insurgency .The role of Iraqi government forces in providing security is increasing. CONTINUING INSURGENCY: Even though, the Ba’ath Party organization was disintegrated, elements of the Secret police and Saddam army began forming guerilla units and focused attacks around Mosul, Tikrit, Fallujah .These elements who called themselves freedom fighters began using ambush tactics, suicide bombings and improvised explosive devices, targeting coalition forces and check points. Suicide bombers believed to be mainly disheartened Iraqi Sunnis, Syrians and Saudis tore through Iraq. Their targets were often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations mainly of Shias, OPERATION METADOR: During early May, 2005, the U.S launched Operation Matador, an .assault in the ungoverned region of western Iraq. Its goal was the closing of suspected insurgent supply routes of volunteers and material from Syria .The US allies succeeded in recapturing the whole area and even fighting the insurgents all the way to the Syrian border , where they were blocked . PARTICIPATING NATIONS IN THE MULTI NATIONAL ARMY IN IRAQ: As of September, 2005, there were 26 countries with military forces stationed in Iraq. These were Albania, Armenia, Australia , Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria ,Czech Republic , Denmark ,El Salvador , Estonia , Georgia , Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania , Macedonia ,Mongolia , Netherlands ,Norway, Poland ,Romania, Slovakia, South Korea, United Kingdom , United States, Fiji and Ukraine. Poland, the Netherlands, Norway, Bulgaria and Ukraine have announced plans to withdraw. CONCLUSION: The Kerry campaign in Presidential election against George Bush charged that US is acting as neo-colonial power and claimed that US bungled the war due to incompetence , mismanagement and arrogance .Designed to advance US commercial and corporate interest abroad , military force was often used to break open markets that resisted diplomatic and economic pressures. â€Å" The Carter Doctrine† as it become known , made it clear the United States would use military power in the Gulf to secure and maintain the oil resources needed to turn of the wheels of the Empire. This policy explains the US sale of heavy weaponry to Saddam Hussein in the early 1980’s when war broke out between Iraq and Iran. US took many efforts to normalize relationship with Iraq then .Despite Saddam’s use of Chemical against Iran and Kurdish population in northern Iraq, the United States continued to back Iraq .Emboldened by these signs of support for his regime, Saddam invaded Kuwait in 1990.The first Bush administration however quickly came to view the invasion as a threat to US supremacy in the region and launched the first Gulf War. Sanctions were imposed by the UN at the behest of US in order to secure US control over Iraq’s Oil. The United States did not care about the â€Å"fact† that the sanctions have apparently killed hundreds of thousands of Iraqi’s by withholding necessary food supplies and medical supplies. Madeline Albright ,the US ambassador to UN ,when asked that more than 500,000 children had died because of a lack of adequate nutrition and medical care, replied â€Å" I think this is a very hard choice ,but the price-we think-the price. The American’s gross ignorance of conditions in Iraq was shown by their miscalculation in relation to the Shiites in the South. They thought that the latter would rise up against Saddam Hussein and welcome the invaders with open arms. But none of this happened Napoleon knew a lot about bayonets and found many uses for them, but there is one thing they can not be used for , as he pointed out: You can not sit on bayonets. The Americans and British do not have a real base of support in Iraq. A long term guerrilla war waged with low-tech methods like sniping, ambushes and suicide bombings can have a devastating effect over a long period if it has the backing of the people –and it will . Though the US is a super power, it is to be remembered that it was defeated by barefoot army in Vietnam. The Great Britain was once the land of rising sun has to vacate their colonies in all most all countries due to upsurge of the subjects of that nation. After Iraq , US is now concentrating how to destabilize Syria on the pretext of extending military aid to Baghdad and harboring escaping Ba’athist leaders ,but also of possessing weapons of mass destructions. Again US is also try to destabilize the Iran by accusing that it is under the way to add nuclear arsenals which is going to be great threat to world peace. The number of causalities in the Iraq’s war is alarming .US alone lost 2105 innocent Americans (soldiers) and Allies lost 201 and innocent Iraqis killed was around 30,420 . Who is going to be father or brother or care taker of the innocent family which lost their life in the war . To prove its mightiness, innocent lives have been lost and do the US or its allies are going to answer the cries and hues of foresaid the families who have lost their dear and near for the nation. Let alone history has to tell us what is Iraq’s fate and political independence in the near future. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1.Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy- by Ole R.Holsti. 2.The Dynamics of Coercion – American Foreign Policy and the limits of the Military Might-by Daniel Byman , Matthew C.Waxman. 3.The Iraq war and its consequences :Thoughts of Nobel Peace Laureates and Eminent scholars.- edited by Irwin Abrams, Wang -Gung –Wu. 4. Wars on Terrorism and Iraq :by Mary Robinson. 5.Today ,Iraq – Tomorrow –The World ? –by Gill Hinshaw

Robert Louis Stevenson :: essays research papers

When one reads the nonfiction work of Robert Louis Stevenson along with the novels and short stories, a more complete portrait emerges of the author than that of the romantic vagabond one usually associates with his best-known fiction. The Stevenson of the nonfiction prose is a writer involved in the issues of his craft, his milieu, and his soul. Moreover, one can see the record of his maturation in critical essays, political tracts, biographies, and letters to family and friends. What Stevenson lacks, especially for the tastes of this age, is specificity and expertise: he has not the depth of such writers as John Ruskin, Walter Pater, or William Morris. But he was a shrewd observer of humankind, and his essays reveal his lively and perspicacious mind. Though he lacked originality, he created a rapport with the reader, who senses his enthusiastic embrace of life and art. If Stevenson at first wrote like one who only skimmed the surface of experience, by the end of his life he was pa ssionately committed to his adopted land of Samoa, to his own history, and to the creation of his fiction. Robert Louis Stevenson was born to Thomas and Margaret Isabella Balfour Stevenson in Edinburgh on 13 November 1850. From the beginning he was sickly. Through much of his childhood he was attended by his faithful nurse, Alison Cunningham, known as Cummy in the family circle. She told him morbid stories about the Covenanters (the Scots Presbyterian martyrs), read aloud to him Victorian penny-serial novels, Bible stories, and the Psalms, and drilled the catechism into him, all with his parents' approval. Thomas Stevenson was quite a storyteller himself, and his wife doted on their only child, sitting in admiration while her precocious son expounded on religious dogma. Stevenson inevitably reacted to the morbidity of his religious education and to the stiffness of his family's middle-class values, but that rebellion would come only after he entered Edinburgh University. The juvenilia that survives from his childhood shows an observer who was already sensitive to religious issues and Scottish history. Not surprisingly, the boy who listened to Cummy's religious tales first tried his hand at retelling Bible stories: "A History of Moses" was followed by "The Book of Joseph." When Stevenson was sixteen his family published a pamphlet he had written entitled The Pentland Rising, a recounting of the murder of Nonconformist Scots Presbyterians who rebelled against their royalist persecutors.